如何养好金鱼

金鱼的祖先是野生鱼，也就是野生鲫鱼。据记载，金鱼早在宋代就已成为观赏鱼。明清以来，红黄相间的金鲫鱼一直是金鱼的原名。后来，通过长期的人工定向栽培、选种和杂交，金鱼的种类目前已达300多种。中国是金鱼的故乡。金鱼首先从中国传播到日本，然后传播到欧洲、美国和世界各地。在宠物市场上，金鱼是最容易买到的观赏鱼。本文将与广大养殖爱好者交流金鱼养殖管理、水质控制、饲料管理和疾病预防方面的经验。图1自来水通常用于金鱼养殖。如何选择水源，保证水质

一般城市鱼类爱好者会使用自来水或深井水，而农村人会使用河水、湖水、井水，以及泉水、雪水等，这些水源经过消毒处理后可以概括为地表水、地下水和自来水。雨水不能用作金鱼养殖的水源，因为它含有许多杂质，水中含氧量低，空气污染使其呈酸性。由于城市河流、下水道和下水道中有许多有害因素，因此绝对禁止将其用作金鱼养殖的水源。大多数城市的自来水都是经过沉淀和消毒后的地表水。由于地表水与空气接触面积大，水中溶氧量大，沉淀后杂质少，消毒后病原体少，水源丰富，一般被认为是金鱼养殖的理想用水。然而，由于自来水厂排放自来水时使用漂白粉进行消毒，水中经常会残留不同量的氯气，这种氯气对金鱼的体表和鳃组织有毒性作用，这往往会导致金鱼中毒和死亡。因此，在用作金鱼养殖用水之前，必须进行适当的处理。一般情况下，在强光下暴晒12小时以上或在无光条件下存放两天后，才能用作金鱼养殖用水。如果急需用自来水换水，可以使用硫代硫酸钠来中和自来水中的氯。通常，每立方米水中可以加入一克硫代硫酸钠，以中和水中的氯，然后再使用。然而，我们通常使用暴晒的方法来喂养金鱼，或使用专用过滤设备过滤10小时以上，只有在急需水时才使用硫代硫酸钠中和的方法。这种方法应该尽量少用，因为在夏季高温季节，如果使用量控制不当，水会浑浊，无法使用。

图2金鱼的饲养环境比海水鱼的饲养环境要随意得多，甚至可能导致金鱼缺氧病和死亡。因此，在正常的饲养过程中，我们应该非常注意饲料的质量。最好将鱼饲料储存在离地面20厘米的地方，因为如果鱼饲料离地面太近，可能会导致饲料因地面潮湿而发霉变质。在喂鱼饲料的时候，也要控制好量，要根据金鱼的大小和食欲适当喂食。同样，鱼饲料的选择应基于金鱼的适口性和水质过滤系统的流量。现在，一般使用颗粒饲料。颗粒饲料的优点是金鱼可以吃漂浮在水面上的食物而不会浪费。清理多余的饲料并保持水的清洁也很方便。

图3黑玛丽

3。如何预防疾病

金鱼的常见疾病包括以下几种：

（1）白斑病：这种疾病是家养宠物鱼的常见疾病，主要症状是患病鱼的体表、鳍和鳃上有许多小白斑。病原是小瓜虫，种子多，故又称小瓜虫病。当鱼被大量的小瓜虫密集寄生时，会形成白点状的囊泡，严重时会覆盖全身。后期，体表覆盖一层白色薄膜，粘液较多，体色暗淡。病鱼很瘦，浮在水面上或聚在角落里，很少活动。瓜虫病具有明显的季节性，15-20℃的水温最适合瓜虫的繁殖。利用瓜虫不耐高温的方法，可以将水温提高到30℃。促进鱼表面产生的孢子快速成熟，加快其生长速度，使其从鱼表面脱落，然后使用硝酸亚汞、孔雀石绿、福尔马林等治疗

图4白斑病金鱼

（2）水霉菌病：这种疾病的原因是水霉菌从鱼体的伤口侵入，开始寄生在皮肤上，逐渐渗入肌肉，吸收鱼体的营养，大量繁殖，向外产生灰白色或蓝白色菌丝（肉眼可见的棉丝）。寄生部位的伤口发炎、充血、坏死和溃烂；生病的鱼经常摩擦患处How to raise goldfish well

The ancestors of goldfish are wild fish, that is, wild crucian carp. According to records, goldfish has become an ornamental fish as early as the Song Dynasty. Since the Ming and Qing dynasties, the red and yellow golden crucian carp has been the original name of goldfish. Later, through long-term artificial directional cultivation, seed selection and hybridization, the species of goldfish have reached more than 300 at present. China is the hometown of goldfish. Goldfish first spread from China to Japan, and then spread across Europe, the United States and the world. In the pet market, goldfish is the most easily purchased ornamental fish. This article will exchange experience with the vast number of breeding enthusiasts on goldfish breeding management, water quality control, feed management and disease prevention. Figure 1 Tap water is commonly used for goldfish breeding

1. How to choose water source and ensure water quality

Generally, urban fish lovers will use tap water or deep well water, while rural people will use river water, lake water, well water, and spring water, snow water, etc. These water sources can be summarized as surface water, groundwater and tap water after disinfection and treatment. Rainwater cannot be used as a source of water for goldfish breeding because it contains many impurities, low oxygen content in water, and air pollution makes it acidic. Because there are many harmful factors in urban rivers, sewers and sewers, it is absolutely forbidden to use them as water sources for goldfish breeding

Tap water is widely used by fish lovers. Most of the tap water in cities is made from surface water after sedimentation and disinfection. Due to the large contact area between surface water and air, the large amount of dissolved oxygen in the water, the small amount of impurities after precipitation, the small amount of pathogens after disinfection, and the rich water source, it is generally considered as the ideal water for goldfish breeding. However, due to the use of bleaching powder for disinfection when the tap water is discharged from the water plant, different amounts of chlorine gas are often left in the water, and this chlorine gas has toxic effects on the body surface and gill tissue of goldfish, which often causes goldfish poisoning and death, Therefore, appropriate treatment must be taken before use before it can be used as water for goldfish breeding. Generally, it can be used as water for goldfish breeding only after it is exposed to strong sunlight for more than 12 hours or stored without light for two days. If it is urgent to change water with tap water, sodium thiosulfate can be used to neutralize the chlorine in tap water. Generally, one gram of sodium thiosulfate can be put into every cubic meter of water to neutralize the chlorine in the water before use. However, we usually use the method of exposure to the sun to feed goldfish, or use special filtering equipment to filter for more than 10 hours, and only use the method of sodium thiosulfate neutralization when water is in urgent need. This method should be used as little as possible, because in the summer high temperature season, if the amount used is not properly controlled, the water will be turbid and the water can not be used

Figure 2 The feeding environment of goldfish is much more random than that of sea fish, It may even lead to anoxic disease and death of goldfish. Therefore, we should pay great attention to the quality of feed during the normal feeding process. It is better to store fish feed 20 cm from the ground, because if the fish feed is too close to the ground, it may cause the feed to become moldy and deteriorated due to the wet ground. When feeding fish feed, the amount should also be controlled, and it should be properly fed according to the size and appetite of goldfish. Similarly, the selection of fish feed should be based on the palatability of goldfish and the flow of water quality filtration system. Now, granular feed is generally used. The advantage of granular feed is that goldfish can eat it floating on the water without waste. It is also convenient to clean up the surplus feed and keep the water clean

Figure 3 Black Mary

3. How to prevent diseases

Common diseases of goldfish include the following:

(1) White spot disease: This disease is a common disease of domestic pet fish, and the main symptoms are many small white spots on the body surface, fins and gills of the diseased fish. The pathogen is small melon insect with many seeds, so it is also called small melon insect disease. When the fish is densely parasitized by a large number of small melon worms, it forms white dot-like vesicles, and in serious cases, it covers the whole body. In the later stage, the body surface is covered with a layer of white film, with more mucus and dull body color. Sick fish are thin, floating on the water or clustered in a corner, and rarely move. The melon insect disease has obvious seasonality, and the water temperature of 15-20 ℃ is most suitable for the breeding of the melon insect. The water temperature can be raised to 30 ℃ by using the method that the melon insect is not resistant to high temperature. Promote the spores produced on the surface of the fish to mature quickly, accelerate their growth speed, make them fall off from the surface of the fish, and then use mercurous nitrate, malachite green, formalin and other treatments

Figure 4 Goldfish with white spot disease

(2) Water mold disease: The cause of this disease is that water mold invades from the wound of the fish body, begins to parasitize on the skin, gradually penetrates into the muscle, absorbs the nutrition of the fish body, propagates in large numbers, and produces gray-white or blue-white hyphae outward (cotton filaments visible to the naked eye). The wound at the parasitic site is inflamed, congested, necrotic and festered; Sick fish often rub the affected part with cylinder wall, gravel or water grass, and finally die of exhaustion. This disease can occur all year round, and is most prevalent in early spring and late autumn. Young fish that are bruised and frostbitten are prone to suffer; Fish eggs with unfertilized and poor embryo vitality are also prone to parasitism. The key to prevention is to keep the water clean, the water temperature appropriate and the fish healthy without causing injury. The diseased fish can be soaked in saline or potassium permanganate, furacilin, malachite green solution or applied locally

(3) White cloud disease: The main cause of this disease is that the water temperature changes greatly, causing mouth filarial worms, obliterans, wheelworms, etc. to parasitize on the fish body, stimulating the goldfish to secrete a large amount of mucus, causing white turbid spots on the parasitic part, which looks like white clouds, while parasitizing on the fish gills causes breathing difficulties. During treatment, 500 ml of water can be filled in the fish tank, 1 ml of formalin can be poured, and the sick fish can be put into the medicine bath for 30 seconds each time, once every seven days, which can effectively cure

Figure 5 Typical symptoms of Baiyun disease